Carbon steel parts
Carbon steel isimbi ine carbon content kubva pa 0.05 kusvika 3.8 per cent nekurema.Tsanangudzo yekabhoni simbi kubva kuAmerican Iron uye Steel Institute (AISI) inoti:
1. hapana chidimbu chemukati chinotsanangurwa kana chinodiwa kune chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, kana chero chimwe chinhu chinowedzerwa kuti chiwane chinodiwa alloying maitiro;
2. hushoma hunotsanangurwa hwemhangura hahupfuuri 0.40 per cent;
3. kana huwandu hwehuwandu hunotsanangurwa kune chimwe chezvinhu zvinotevera hazvipfuuri zvikamu zvakaonekwa: manganese 1.65 per cent;silicon 0,60 muzana;mhangura 0.60 muzana.
Izwi rokuti kabhoni simbi rinogona kushandiswawo kureva simbi isiri simbi isina tsvina;mukushandiswa uku kabhoni simbi inogona kusanganisira masimbi alloy.Simbi yakakwira kabhoni ine mashandisirwo mazhinji akasiyana semichina yekugaya, maturusi ekucheka (akadai semachizi) uye waya dzakasimba.Aya maapplication anoda yakanyanya kunaka microstructure, iyo inovandudza kuoma.
Sezvo carbon percent content inokwira, simbi ine simba rekuoma uye kusimba kuburikidza nekupisa kupisa;zvisinei, inova shoma ductile.Pasinei nekurapwa kwekupisa, yakakwira kabhoni yemukati inoderedza weldability.Mune carbon steels, iyo yakakwira kabhoni yemukati inodzikisa nzvimbo yekunyungudika.
Chinangwa chekupisa kurapa kabhoni simbi ndeye kushandura michina yesimbi, kazhinji ductility, kuomarara, goho simba, kana kukanganisa kuramba.Cherechedza kuti magetsi uye thermal conductivity inongoshandurwa zvishoma.Sezvinoita maitiro mazhinji ekusimbisa esimbi, Young's modulus (elasticity) haina kukanganiswa.Kurapa kwese kwesimbi yekutengesa ductility yekuwedzera simba uye zvinopesana.Simbi ine yakakwira solubility yekabhoni muchikamu che austenite;saka zvese zvekupisa kupisa, kunze kwe spheroidizing uye process annealing, tanga nekudziya simbi kusvika kune tembiricha iyo austenitic phase inogona kuvapo.Simbi yacho inobva yadzimwa (kupisa kunoburitswa kunze) pamwero wepakati kusvika kune yakaderera ichibvumira kabhoni kuti ipararire kunze kweaustenite ichiita iron-carbide (cementite) uye ichisiya ferrite, kana pamwero wakakwira, ichiteya kabhoni mukati mesimbi nokudaro ichigadzira martensite. .Muyero wekuti simbi inotonhodzwa kuburikidza netembiricha yeeutectoid (inenge 727 ° C) inokanganisa chiyero icho kabhoni inopararira kubva muaustenite uye inoita simenti.Kazhinji kutaura, kutonhora nekukasira kunosiya iron carbide yakapararira uye kugadzira pearlite yakaomeswa uye kutonhora zvishoma nezvishoma kunopa coarser pearlite.Kutonhodza simbi inonzi hypoeutectoid (isingasviki 0.77 wt% C) inoguma mune lamellar-pearlitic chimiro chesimbi carbide layers ine α-ferrite (inenge simbi yakachena) pakati.Kana iri hypereutectoid simbi (inopfuura 0.77 wt% C) ipapo chimiro chakazara pearlite ine zviyo zviduku (zvikuru kupfuura pearlite lamella) yecementite yakaumbwa pamiganhu yezviyo.A eutectoid simbi (0.77% kabhoni) ichava nepearlite chimiro mukati mezviyo zvisina simenti pamiganhu.Huwandu hunoenderana hwezviumbwa hunowanikwa uchishandisa iyo lever mutemo.Inotevera rondedzero yemhando dzekupisa kurapwa zvinogoneka.
Alloy simbi isimbi yakasanganiswa nezvinhu zvakasiyana muhuwandu huri pakati pe1.0% ne50% nehuremu kuti ivandudze mashandiro ayo.Alloy simbi dzakaputsika kuita mapoka maviri: simbi yakaderera uye yakakwirira alloy simbi.Musiyano pakati pezviviri unopokana.Smith naHashemi vanotsanangura mutsauko pa4.0%, nepo Degarmo, et al., Vachitsanangura pa8.0%.Kazhinji kazhinji, mutsara wekuti "alloy steel" unoreva masimbi akaderera-alloy.
Kunyatsotaura, simbi yega yega ialloy, asi kwete ese masimbi anonzi "alloy steels".Simbi dzakareruka isimbi (Fe) yakasanganiswa nekabhoni (C) (inenge 0.1% kusvika 1%, zvichienderana nerudzi).Nekudaro, izwi rekuti "alloy simbi" ndiro izwi rakajairwa rinoreva masimbi ane mamwe maalloying akawedzerwa nemaune mukuwedzera kune kabhoni.Kazhinji alloyants anosanganisira manganese (inonyanya kuzivikanwa), nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, uye boron.Zvishoma zvakajairika alloyants zvinosanganisira aluminium, cobalt, mhangura, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tini, zingi, lead, uye zirconium.
Izvi zvinotevera uwandu hwezvinhu zvakagadziridzwa mu alloy steels (kana zvichienzaniswa nekabhoni simbi): kusimba, kuomarara, kuomarara, kusapfeka kusagadzika, kusaita ngura, kuoma, uye kuoma kwekupisa.Kuti uwane zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvakagadziridzwa simbi inogona kuda kupisa kupisa.
Zvimwe zveizvi zvinowana kushandiswa mune zvekunze uye zvinonyanya kudiwa maapplication, senge muma turbine blades einjini dzejeti, uye mumareactor enyukireya.Nekuda kweiyo ferromagnetic zvimiro zvesimbi, mamwe simbi alloys anowana akakosha maapplication uko mhinduro dzawo kune magineti dzakanyanya kukosha, kusanganisira mumamota emagetsi uye mumatransformer.
Spheroidizing
Spheroidite inoumba kana kabhoni simbi ichidziiswa kusvika pa700 °C kweanopfuura maawa makumi matatu.Spheroidite inogona kuumba pane yakaderera tembiricha asi nguva inodiwa inowedzera zvakanyanya, sezvo iyi iri nzira inodzorwa-inodzorwa.Mhedzisiro iyi chimiro chetsvimbo kana mativi esimende mukati mekutanga chimiro (ferrite kana pearlite, zvichienderana nedivi ripi re eutectoid iwe uri pairi).Chinangwa ndechekupfavisa yakakwirira kabhoni simbi uye kubvumira kuwedzera kuumbwa.Iyi ndiyo yakapfava uye yakanyanya ductile fomu yesimbi.
Full annealing
Carbon steel inodziiswa kusvika pa40 °C pamusoro peAc3 kana Acm kweawa imwe;izvi zvinoita kuti ferrite yese ishanduke kuita austenite (kunyangwe cementite ichiripo kana kabhoni yemukati yakakura kupfuura eutectoid).Simbi yacho inofanira kubva yatonhodzwa zvishoma nezvishoma, munzvimbo ye20 °C (36 °F) paawa.Kazhinji inongova choto chakatonhodzwa, apo choto chinodzimwa nesimbi ichiri mukati.Izvi zvinoguma neyakaomarara pearlitic chimiro, zvinoreva kuti "mabhendi" epearlite akakora.Simbi yakanyungudutswa yakazara yakapfava uye yakapfava, isina kushushikana kwemukati, iyo inowanzodikanwa pakuumba kusingadhuri.Chete spheroidized simbi yakapfava uye yakawanda ductile.
Process annealing
Nzira inoshandiswa kugadzirisa kushushikana mumhepo inotonhora yakashanda kabhoni ine isingasviki 0.3% C. Simbi inowanzopisa kusvika ku550-650 ° C kweawa imwe, asi dzimwe nguva kutonhora kunosvika 700 ° C.Mufananidzo uri kurudyi[kujekesa kunodiwa] inoratidza nzvimbo inoitika maitiro annealing.
Isothermal annealing
Iyo nzira iyo hypoeutectoid simbi inopisa pamusoro peiyo tembiricha yakakosha.Tembiricha iyi inochengetedzwa kwekanguva yozodzikiswa kusvika pazasi tembiricha yakakosha uye inochengetwa zvakare.Inobva yatonhodzwa kusvika kukamuri yekushisa.Iyi nzira inobvisa chero tembiricha gradient.
Normalizing
Carbon steel inodziiswa kusvika pa55 °C pamusoro peAc3 kana Acm kweawa imwe;izvi zvinoita kuti simbi inoshanduka zvachose kuita austenite.Simbi yacho inobva yatonhodzwa nemhepo, inova mwero wekutonhora ungangoita 38 °C (100 °F) paminiti.Izvi zvinoguma mune yakanaka pearlitic chimiro, uye yakawanda-uniform chimiro.Simbi yakajairika ine simba rakakwirira kudarika simbi yakavharwa;ine simba rakati repamusoro uye kuoma.
Quenching
Simbi yekabhoni ine kanenge 0.4 wt% C inodziirwa kusvika pakudzikamisa tembiricha uye yobva yakurumidza kutonhodzwa (kudzima) mumvura, brine, kana mafuta kusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya.Iyo tembiricha yakakosha inotsamira pane kabhoni yemukati, asi semutemo wakaderera sezvo kabhoni yemukati inowedzera.Izvi zvinoguma mune martensitic chimiro;chimiro chesimbi chine super-saturated kabhoni yemukati mune yakaremara body-centered cubic (BCC) crystalline chimiro, inodaidzwa nemazvo body-centered tetragonal (BCT), ine kushushikana kwakanyanya kwemukati.Saka simbi yakadzimirwa yakaoma zvakanyanya asi ine brittle, kazhinji haina brittle kuita basa.Izvi zvinonetsa zvemukati zvinogona kukonzera kushushikana kutsemuka pamusoro.Simbi yakadzimwa inorema zvakapetwa katatu (ina ine kabhoni yakawanda) pane simbi yakajairika.
Kutengesa (Martempering)
Martempering haisi iyo nzira yekupisa, saka izwi rekuti marquenching.Iyo imhando yeasothermal kupisa kurapwa inoiswa mushure mekutanga kudzimwa, kazhinji mune yakanyungudutswa munyu yekugezera, pane tembiricha iri pamusoro pe "martensite kutanga tembiricha".Panguva iyi tembiricha, kushushikana kwakasara mukati mechinhu kunodzikiswa uye imwe bainite inogona kuumbwa kubva kune yakachengetwa austenite iyo yanga isina nguva yekushandura kuita chero chinhu.Muindasitiri, iyi inzira inoshandiswa kudzora ductility uye kuoma kwechinhu.Nekureba marquenching, iyo ductility inowedzera nekurasikirwa kushoma musimba;iyo simbi inobatwa mune iyi mhinduro kusvikira kutonhora kwemukati nekunze kwechikamu kwakaenzana.Ipapo simbi inotonhodzwa pamwero wekumhanya kuti tembiricha irambe iri shoma.Haisi chete nzira iyi inoderedza kushushikana kwemukati uye kutsemuka kwekushushikana, asi inowedzerawo kukanganisa kupikisa.
Tempering
Iyi ndiyo yakajairika kupisa kurapwa kwakasangana, nekuti ekupedzisira zvivakwa zvinogona kunyatsotemwa nekushisa uye nguva yekupisa.Kupisa kunosanganisira kudziyisazve simbi yakadzimwa kune tembiricha iri pasi petembiricha yeeutectoid wozotonhodza.Iyo tembiricha yakakwira inobvumira zvidiki zvishoma zve spheroidite kuumba, iyo inodzosera ductility, asi inoderedza kuoma.Tembiricha chaiyo uye nguva zvinonyatsosarudzwa kune yega yega kuumbwa.
Austempering
Maitiro ekudzimisa akafanana nekuita martempering, kunze kwekunge kudzima kwavhiringwa uye simbi inobatwa mubhavhu remunyu rakanyungudutswa patembiricha iri pakati pe205 °C ne540 °C, yobva yatonhodzwa zvine mwero.Simbi inozobuda, inonzi bainite, inogadzira acicular microstructure musimbi ine simba guru (asi iri pasi pemartensite), yakakura ductility, yakakwirira simba rekudzivirira, uye kushomeka kushoma pane martensite simbi.Izvo zvakashata zvehutempering zvinogona kushandiswa chete pamasimbi mashoma, uye zvinoda bhati yakakosha yemunyu.
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